Nigeria's worsening rate of maternal mortality
Despite its recent economic woes, Nigeria still boasts Africa's highest GDP – but one of the continent's worst outcomes for pregnant women.
This discrepancy in the inflation-battered but most populous African nation is also worsening. In 2020, about 82,000 Nigerian women died from pregnancy or childbirth-related complications, including severe haemorrhage, sepsis and unsafe abortions. That number might be "a slight improvement" on the previous year, but it's a marked increase on previous decades, said The Guardian.
And one of the highest in the world, in fact. Nearly 20% of all global maternal deaths happen in Nigeria, said the World Health Organization in 2019. A Nigerian woman had a 1 in 22 lifetime risk of dying during pregnancy, childbirth or postpartum/post-abortion. In most developed countries, the risk was 1 in 4,900.
The 'dire state' of Nigerian healthcare
"The huge burden of maternal death in Nigeria is second to only India," said a study published in the BMC Pregnancy Childbirth journal in 2022.
Looking at causes of maternal death at the Lagos University teaching hospital from 2007 to 2019, it revealed "an overall upward trend in maternal mortality of about 4% per annum".
One factor driving the problem, apart from the country's soaring debt and inflation crisis, is the low number of doctors. A functioning healthcare system should have one doctor for every 600 people, according to WHO guidance. In Nigeria, the ratio is one doctor for every 4,000-5,000 patients.
The healthcare budget this year is also only 5%, while the UN suggests at least 14%. "The dire state of healthcare prompts many medical professionals to emigrate, exacerbating the problems," said The Guardian.
Another issue is access. "Most Nigerians live in areas without well-equipped medical centres or have to pay upfront for treatment," said the paper, which makes some women reluctant to seek medical help. In the "densely populated" capital, Lagos, women must contend with "unreliable" public transport and heavy traffic that doesn't move even for ambulances.
"I understand that people are dying from lethal diseases, but pregnancy is not a disease," Moses Olusanjo, a senior consultant at the maternity ward of Lagos University hospital, told the paper.
"The problem of maternal mortality is a reflection of how our society works," he said. Reducing it is "solely within the power" of the country's leaders. "It takes political will to say that our women will not die."
The rise of traditional birth attendants
Faced with barriers to treatment, rural Nigerian women are increasingly relying on traditional birth attendants (TBA) and prayer houses during labour, said The Guardian Nigeria – rather than the skilled professionals the WHO recommends.
Although TBAs have long provided delivery care in Nigerian communities where strong cultural and religious beliefs persist, the growing economic hardship means many women cannot afford general or federal hospitals. Others are scared of the possibility of a birth ending in a caesarean section, said the paper. They are then convinced that a TBA is the best option to avoid complications – but if problems do arise, TBAs are generally not equipped to handle them.
At an antenatal check-up, a TBA "will not check your blood pressure, blood sugar; they won't even know if you have hypertension or diabetes in pregnancy, or if something is wrong with the baby", one doctor, Odunola Olabintan, told the paper. "They don't have that equipment."
"What we can do to encourage women to embrace hospitals is to make the services cheaper," she said. "Any serious government that wants to curtail maternal mortality and care for women would do so."
Most maternal deaths in Nigeria are preventable, according to the 2022 study. The country must "initiate, sustain and monitor useful interventions aimed at prevention".
