How Hormones Play a Role in Social Anxiety
Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD
Hormone levels in your body can play a role in anxiety. When hormone levels are too high or too low, this can influence neurotransmitters, resulting in problems such as increased anxiety. People who live with social anxiety disorder (SAD) may find that levels of certain hormones can have an effect on feelings of increased or decreased social anxiety.
At a Glance
Social anxiety is influenced by many factors, but hormones are one that can play a role in how anxious you feel. Some of these hormones are not within your control, but others can be influenced by things like stress. Sex hormones (like testosterone and estrogen), stress hormones (like adrenaline and cortisol, and thyroid hormones can all have an impact on feelings of anxiety. Keep reading to learn more about the things you can do to ensure your hormone levels are healthy and manage your anxiety effectively.
Hormones That May Increase Social Anxiety
There are three categories of hormones that may influence your social anxiety: stress hormones, sex hormones, and thyroid hormones. Learning more about how these hormones affect your body and mind is the first step to managing the impact of hormones on your anxiety levels.
Sex Hormones (Testosterone, Estrogen)
Sex hormones may also play a role in how much anxiety you experience. Changing levels of the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone can affect your social anxiety. Some studies link too little testosterone with increased anxiety, while low levels of the female sex hormones such as estrogen may also be linked to anxiety symptoms.
Takeaway
This may be why anxiety often peaks during times of hormonal change, such as during puberty, at certain times of the menstrual cycle in women, and during menopause in women.
Stress and sex hormones can also have a combined effect on anxiety. For example, when you experience stress, cortisol increases, which slows your body's ability to make testosterone. The combined effect of increased cortisol and lowered testosterone may make you more anxious.
If that isn't bad enough, testosterone has partial control of cortisol release, so cortisol is more likely to increase when testosterone is lowered. You can see why anxiety is a cycle that feeds itself—and that breaking this cycle is key to overcoming your symptoms.
Stress Hormones (Adrenaline, Cortisol)
Stress hormones are released in situations where you feel threatened, out of control, overwhelmed, or are experiencing severe anxiety. When you experience a stressful social or performance situation, your body responds by releasing hormones like adrenaline and cortisol to help you cope with the threat and prepare you for action.
However, in the face of no actual physical threat, excess levels of these hormones leave you feeling anxious and impact your body in various ways. This becomes a vicious cycle: your hormones increase anxiety, the anxiety causes more hormones to be released, and so on.
Thyroid Hormones
Finally, there is a third type of hormone that may influence your anxiety: thyroid hormones. An overactive thyroid can create anxiety in the form of physical symptoms such as:
Increased heart rate
Palpitations
Shakiness
Increased sweating
If you live with a thyroid condition, this may make your social anxiety worse.
Hormones That May Reduce Social Anxiety
If you think hormones are all bad—think again! There are actually some ways in which certain levels of hormones can help to reduce your anxiety.
Estrogen
Estrogen is known to calm the fear response in women. Specifically, research has shown that women trained on a fear-extinction task do better when the level of estrogen in their blood is higher. As a female, you may have also noticed that your ability to feel calm and relaxed (versus anxious and afraid) is better at certain points during your menstrual cycle.
Related: Estrogen’s Impact on Women’s Mental Health, According to a Doctor
Oxytocin
You've probably heard of the "love" or "bonding" hormone oxytocin. This peptide hormone acts as both a hormone and a brain neurotransmitter. It is known as the love hormone because it is released during contact with a loved one.
Oxytocin is made in the hypothalamus and transported and secreted by the pituitary gland at the base of the brain. Its release also helps with childbirth and breastfeeding.
Takeaway
In terms of its relation to mental health, oxytocin is known to have an anti-anxiety effect and may help to relieve social anxiety.
Research shows that oxytocin promotes relaxation and trust, which makes it easier to manage social situations. It reduces activation in certain areas of the brain associated with social anxiety disorder.
Related: What Happens in Your Brain When You Fall in Love?
Testosterone
Just as too little testosterone may increase social anxiety, increased testosterone may help to reduce it. Administration of testosterone, a steroid hormone, has been shown to reduce socially fearful, avoidant, and submissive behavior.
Takeaway
In general, men have half the reported rate of anxiety disorders as women; this may be partially due to the role of testosterone in levels of anxiety.
Testosterone boosts the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and serotonin. These two brain chemicals are related to social anxiety disorder.
Vasopressin
Finally, vasopressin is a hormone that regulates the body's fluid balance. In addition, it is involved in the regulation of anxiety, stress, and social behavior. Vasopressin is produced within the hypothalamus and released from the pituitary gland.
Some researchers think a balance must be struck between oxytocin and vasopressin for optimal social functioning. Vasopressin is particularly related to social behavior, sexual motivation, pair bonding, and maternal responses to stress.
Related: How Your Endocrine System Affects Your Mental Health
Hormonal Ways to Relieve Social Anxiety
Although hormonal changes may be related to social anxiety, treatment with hormonal therapy is not currently a common recommendation. Instead, your best option is some form of traditional treatment for SAD (e.g., medication or therapy), as well as understanding and adapting to the role of hormones in your anxiety.
What is not helpful is self-medicating. Try to avoid temporary "fixes" like sugar, alcohol, smoking cigarettes, or other substances that give you a quick feel-good surge but don't solve the long-term anxiety problem. Below are six tips to get you started.
Boost Testosterone and Oxytocin
You can increase your levels of testosterone and oxytocin naturally! These are things that are easy to do, but that you have to make a commitment to following through with.
Increase testosterone by doing the following:
Eating a balanced diet
Getting regular exercise
Minimizing stress (and therefore testosterone-depleting cortisol)
Sleeping enough each night
Taking a multivitamin
Increase oxytocin by doing the following:
Being generous toward others (giving gifts)
Cuddling with a loved one
Listening carefully when others speak
Petting a dog or cat
Trying loving-kindness meditation, which involves meditation designed to inspire love and kindness toward others
Consider Supplements
Take natural supplements that may help to lower stress levels (and cortisol) such as ashwagandha. Note, however, that these types of supplements are not regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and have not been tested by this regulatory body for safety and efficacy.
Takeaway
Talk to your doctor before you try a supplement or herbal remedy for anxiety. Always tell them about any medications you are currently taking or medical conditions you have in order to avoid dangerous drug interactions or adverse effects.
Get Thyroid Treatment
If you have a thyroid condition that may be affecting your anxiety level, ask your doctor whether the two could be related, and how treating your thyroid condition may help.
Strike a Pose
Research shows that adopting a strong pose (such as the "Wonder Woman" pose, with feet hip-width apart and hands on your hips) for a few minutes may lead to increased testosterone and feelings of confidence, which in turn will help to lower social anxiety.
Try Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Use cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques to learn new patterns of responding to anxiety. Over time, neural pathways in your brain will change, which will help to reduce your anxious responses to stressful situations.
Understand Hormonal Changes
If you were assigned female at birth, learn how variations in hormones over the course of a month may influence anxious feelings. Just knowing how hormones may be affecting you may help you stop and think, "This situation is not causing my anxiety; my body is reacting to a change in hormones," which may allow you to take a step back and accept your feelings for what they are.
Is Hormone Therapy for Social Anxiety Possible?
In the future, there may be social anxiety treatments available that utilize hormone therapy to relieve anxiety symptoms. Such treatments are not ready for prime time yet, but studies are ongoing and show signs of promise.
In one study, it was shown that women exposed to trauma who were administered female sex hormones (in the form of the morning-after pill after a sexual assault) were less likely to develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after the event.
Another study found that administering testosterone along with exposure therapy to women with social anxiety disorder. They found that while administering testosterone increased feelings of fear during the exposure session, it was also linked to faster, longer-lasting improvements in anxiety.
Takeaway
While promising, more research is needed to determine how and when hormones might be best utilized in the treatment of anxiety.
At present, however, beyond treating an underlying thyroid condition, or hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for problems related to menopause in women, your doctor is not likely to prescribe hormone treatment that will help to improve social anxiety.
Keep in Mind
The best approach to managing social anxiety in light of the influence of your hormones is to understand natural fluctuations and learn ways to boost hormones that help to reduce anxiety. However, if severe social anxiety is a problem for you and you have not sought diagnosis or treatment, it's best to visit your family doctor for a referral to a mental health specialist.
Effective treatments such as medication and CBT can be helpful in managing SAD that has gotten out of control. Remember—your anxiety does not define you and is not who you are. You can move past it with the right help. While hormones may be involved, you are not destined to live with social anxiety for the rest of your life.
Takeaway
If you or a loved one are struggling with anxiety, contact the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) National Helpline at 1-800-662-4357 for information on support and treatment facilities in your area.
For more mental health resources, see our National Helpline Database.
Read Next: The 7 Best Online Anxiety Support Groups
Read the original article on Verywell Mind.
