What Is CBD? Here's What to Know About Cannabidiol
What is CBD, or cannabidiol, that everyone's buzzing about? If you don't already, you're about to see this stuff everywhere.
We're on the edge of a CBD explosion. The U.S. market for CBD products is estimated to be worth $2.1 billion by 2020, up 700 percent from 2016; the World Anti-Doping Agency removed CBD from its list of banned substances; the Food and Drug Administration approved an epilepsy medication containing CBD oil for the first time, causing the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration to shift its stance - albeit very slightly - on CBD.
You can rub CBD oil on your skin or drop it under your tongue; you can eat it as a sugarcoated gummy or drink it as a Goop-approved cocktail. There's evidence (some scientific, plenty anecdotal) that it helps with epileptic seizures, opioid addiction, PTSD, arthritis, anxiety, insomnia, nausea, chronic pain, and much more. If you believe the hype, CBD can do just about anything for your physical and mental health - and it won't get you high as a kite.
Since CBD seems to be on everyone's lips - literally - let's run through what CBD is, what CBD does to your body, and whether CBD is legal.
What is CBD?
The cannabis plant contains more than 100 different chemical compounds known as cannabinoids, which interact with the body's endocannabinoid system in ways that researchers are still working toward understanding.
One of those cannabinoids is CBD, or cannabidiol (pronounced cann-a-bid-EYE-ol). CBD is non-psychoactive, which means it won't get you high - and there's a growing body of evidence that it has a number of health benefits.
CBD vs. THC: What's the difference?
The main one is that CBD will not make you high. Of all those different cannabinoids found in the cannabis plant, the two best known are CBD and THC, or tetrahydrocannabinol.
CBD and THC are both found in marijuana, but it's the THC that's responsible for weed's mind-altering effects. THC is psychoactive; CBD is not. As long as your CBD products don't contain THC - or contain very small amounts of it - you can reap their potential benefits without going full Pineapple Express.
What are the benefits of CBD?
There's plenty of anecdotal evidence that CBD helps treat a variety of ailments. People are turning to oils, gummies, and other CBD food and drink products to relax at the end of a long day. Retired NFL players are using CBD to manage physical pain, debilitating headaches, and sleeplessness. Spa clients are even using CBD skin products to fight signs of aging.
We're still in the early stages of understanding CBD's effects on the body, but there's already scientific evidence - some of it funded by the U.S. government - that CBD has legitimate medical benefits, too.
To name just a few: Animal research and small-scale human studies have pointed to CBD's anti-anxiety and anti-inflammatory properties, NPR reports. A study is underway to see how CBD helps patients with PTSD and alcohol use disorder, and another is exploring how CBD might help curb drug cravings in people with opioid addiction. Cannabinoids like CBD may also be effective at treating cancer-related side effects, according to the National Institutes of Health.
CBD and epilepsy
You've probably come across a viral story about CBD's seizure-fighting capabilities in patients with epilepsy.
"I have seen cases where a child who's having hundreds of seizures a day got put on CBD and had a truly phenomenal benefit," Dr. Orrin Devinsky, MD, director of the Comprehensive Epilepsy Center at NYU Langone Health, tells MensHealth.com - though he adds that those miracle cases happen fairly infrequently.
Devinsky puts more weight behind the scientific advancements: In June, the FDA approved an epilepsy drug called Epidiolex, which contains a purified form of CBD oil. In controlled clinical trials, the drug was proven to reduce seizures in people with Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome - and it didn't produce as many of the unpleasant side-effects that come with other epilepsy medications.
"It's exciting," Devinsky says - but he still has questions. Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome comprise "well under 5 percent" of epilepsy cases in the U.S. "What about the other 95 percent, with regard to CBD?" he asks.
Studies on CBD and epilepsy with focal seizures, for instance, showed the compound was no more effective than a placebo.
"The jury's still out," Devinsky says. "This is why we do science. People who think they know ahead of time are often wrong. My own view is to be humble, skeptical, and open-minded. We should absolutely test CBD across as many epilepsy syndromes as possible."
Is CBD legal?
As of June 2018, the DEA still classified marijuana and its extracts - including CBD - as Schedule I substances, meaning CBD was banned by the feds. But when the FDA approved Epidiolex, the epilepsy medication that contains CBD, it initiated a 90-day window for the DEA to finally adjust its stance on cannabis.
In September, the DEA announced its decision: It would place Epidiolex in schedule 5 of the Controlled Substances Act - the least restrictive classification. Some experts thought the DEA might reschedule CBD entirely, according to Business Insider.
“DEA will continue to support sound and scientific research that promotes legitimate therapeutic uses for FDA-approved constituent components of cannabis, consistent with federal law,” acting DEA administrator Uttam Dhillon said in a press release. “DEA is committed to continuing to work with our federal partners to seek ways to make the process for research more efficient and effective.”
What does that mean for other CBD products?
The answer is still murky. As Quartz put it in June, "It depends on where you are, where your CBD came from, and, frankly, who you ask."
"So much of this is operating in the absence of regulation, and states take widely different approaches," Daniel Shortt, an attorney who focuses on cannabis law in Seattle, told the outlet. "You have to know your local law."
It depends where you are
Unless it's Epidiolex, your CBD product is still classified as a Schedule I substance, which means it's banned by the feds. Meanwhile, state marijuana laws are changing all the time. Eight states have legalized weed for recreational use, while dozens more have legalized some form of medical marijuana or CBD, specifically. (NORML has a helpful interactive map for cannabis laws by state.)
State laws also differ on how much THC can be present in a CBD product, ranging from 0.3 to 8 percent.
It depends on the source of your CBD
To make things even more complicated, the legality of your CBD may also depend on where it came from: marijuana or hemp. Both plants come from the cannabis family, but while marijuana is bred to have lots of THC, hemp only has trace amounts - not nearly enough to get you high.
You're clear to use CBD from marijuana or hemp if:
You live in one of the eight states with legal recreational weed
You live in a state with legal medical marijuana, and you have a license
Otherwise, if your local laws allow CBD, you should look for products sourced from hemp - but not just any hemp! That would be too easy. You want it to meet the guidelines laid out in the 2014 Farm bill for growing legal industrial hemp. In April, Republican Senator Mitch McConnell introduced a bill that would legalize all forms of hemp and its byproducts at the federal level. Clearly, these rules are messy - and in the process of evolving.
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