Is alcohol good or bad for you? Here's what experts and studies say.

Up to 65% of American adults drink alcohol, but messaging around alcohol and its potential impact on health has been confusing in recent years. Some studies have claimed that smaller amounts of alcohol are good for you. Others say that any amount of booze is bad for your body.

The World Health Organization (WHO) recently took the latter stance. The agency said in January that “when it comes to alcohol consumption, there is no safe amount that does not affect health.”

“We cannot talk about a so-called safe level of alcohol use,” Carina Ferreira-Borges, acting unit lead for noncommunicable disease management and regional adviser for alcohol and illicit drugs in the WHO Regional Office for Europe, said in a statement. “It doesn’t matter how much you drink — the risk to the drinker’s health starts from the first drop of any alcoholic beverage. The only thing that we can say for sure is that the more you drink, the more harmful it is — or, in other words, the less you drink, the safer it is.”

But there have been studies that found small amounts of red wine and other forms of alcohol may be beneficial for your health, leaving the general public understandably confused. So what are you supposed to think? Here’s what the data and doctors have to say about the potential impact of alcohol on your health.

Doctors understand why it's confusing too.

“Alcohol is such a complex substance, and the confusion is understandable,” Jamie Alan, an associate professor of pharmacology and toxicology at Michigan State University, tells Yahoo Life. “It has variable effects in the body depending on how much a person consumes and how often a person consumes it. To make matters more complicated, there is conflicting data about the benefits of alcohol.”

Alcohol is also deeply embedded in many cultures, including American culture, Dr. Yu-Ming Ni, a cardiologist at MemorialCare Heart and Vascular Institute at Orange Coast Medical Center in Fountain Valley, Calif., tells Yahoo Life. “Alcohol has been around since basically the dawn of humanity,” he says. “Many cultures with relatively healthy diets and longevity have some amount of alcohol in their diets.”

The data has also been confusing, he says. “Studies haven’t shown a difference in bad outcomes for those who drink very little alcohol,” Ni says. “It’s when you get above levels of none or little to moderate intakes — two drinks per day for men and one drink a day for women — that you see a clear issue.”

Some studies have shown that alcohol is good for your health, making things even more confusing, Dr. Jim Liu, a cardiologist at the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, tells Yahoo Life. “There have been studies with mixed results when it comes to alcohol and cardiovascular health,” he says. “Some have indicated alcohol is beneficial, whereas others show no benefit or that it is detrimental.”

A lot of the studies are observational versus long-term randomized trials, which means the findings can be influenced by other variables, such as the type of alcohol someone drinks, how much they drink and the characteristics of the drinker, Liu says. “This can make it difficult to give a firm, definitive guideline,” he says.

Still, “there is no recommendation to start drinking in moderation if someone does not drink,” Dr. Pallavi Solanki, director of the Advanced Heart Failure and Mechanical Circulatory Support Program at Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, tells Yahoo Life.

What have studies shown about the impact of alcohol on health?

There have been a lot of studies about the impact of alcohol on health, and results vary. However, these are some of the biggest findings:

• A study of 53,064 people published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology earlier this month found that people who engage in light to moderate drinking and moderate drinking had a lower risk of major adverse cardiovascular events because, in essence, the substance can help people feel less stressed.

• An analysis of 694 data sources published in the Lancet found that, compared with nondrinkers, people who had one drink a day had a 0.5% increased risk of developing one of 23 alcohol-related health problems, including breast cancer and tuberculosis. The risks increased with each drink, and those who had five drinks per day increased their risk of health issues by 37% compared with those who don’t drink alcohol.

• A study of nearly 1,500 women published in the Scandinavian Journal of Public Health Care found that those who drank beer once or twice a week had a 30% lower risk of heart attack than those who drank beer more than twice a week, or had no beer at all. However, the study also found a link between high spirits consumption and an increased risk of death from cancer.

• A study of more than 38,000 men published in the New England Journal of Medicine found that those who drank alcohol at least three or four days a week had a lower risk of heart attack than men who drank alcohol less than once a week.

• A meta-analysis published in the journal Circulation determined that “mounting evidence” suggests that ethanol and polyphenols in wine can be protective against chronic cardiovascular diseases.

• A study of 783 older adults living in the Chianti region of Italy, whose diets were naturally rich in resveratrol—a compound found in red wine—found no link between resveratrol levels and rates of heart disease, cancer or death.

• A study of nearly 37,000 people published in the journal Nature found that having just one pint of beer or glass of wine a day can shrink the overall volume of the brain — and the damage was greater the more people drank.

What are the current recommendations around alcohol?

Federal guidelines don’t encourage people to drink alcohol who wouldn’t otherwise have it. However, if you do drink alcohol, it’s recommended that men have no more than one to two drinks per day and that women have no more than one drink per day.

What do doctors recommend to their patients?

Doctors generally agree that a little alcohol is OK — and a lot is bad. “If someone is not a current drinker, I would not recommend starting to drink alcohol just for the potential health benefits,” Liu says. “If they are currently drinking, it’s best to limit alcohol consumption to light or moderate amounts.”

But Solanski says people with certain medical conditions, such as cirrhosis, heart failure or arrhythmia, should avoid drinking. “In general for those who drink alcohol, the less they drink, the better it is,” she says.

Ni says he recommends that his patients follow the guidelines. “But for people who become tipsy faster, they probably shouldn’t drink as much alcohol,” he says. “It’s an indicator that they’re putting their liver through some work.”

He tells his patients to avoid drinking alcohol in excess and to measure it when drinking at home to be sure that they don’t have too much. “If you want to enjoy alcohol responsibly within those guidelines, I’m fine with that,” he says.

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