How Does Kindle Work? What to Know in 2024
In 2007, the internet commerce company Amazon introduced a $399 electronic book (e-book) reader called the Kindle. The Kindle wasn't the first dedicated e-book reader device, but it didn't really have much competition; there wasn't a huge demand in the market for e-book readers before the Kindle's launch.
But how does Kindle work?
Amazon Kindle Layout
The original Kindle had an off-white plastic casing and an asymmetric, beveled shape, like a closed three-ring binder. It was 7.5 inches (19 centimeters) long and 5.3 inches (13.5 centimeters) wide, only 0.7 inches (1.8 centimeters) thick and weighed a mere 10.3 ounces.
Since then, Amazon has released many generations and several versions of its popular e-reader.
Kindle Sizes
The 11th generation Kindle, released in 2022, has a 6-inch (15-centimeter) display and is 6.2 inches (16 centimeters) long, 4.3 inches (11 centimeters) wide and 0.32 inches (8 millimeters) thick. It weighs 5.56 ounces (158 grams).
The largest model in the lineup, the e-reader/digital notebook Kindle Scribe, has a 10.2-inch (26-centimeter) display and is 9.0 inches (230 centimeters) long, 7.7 inches (196 centimeters) wide and 0.22 inches (5.6 millimeters) thick. It weighs 15.3 ounces (433 grams).
The Paperwhite was released in October 2012, and is in its 11th generation as of 2024 (it was released in 2021). It measures 6.6 inches long by 4.6 inches wide by 0.3 inches thick (167 millimeters by 113 millimeters by 8.2 millimeters).
Kindle Screen
The central feature on all the Kindle models is the electronic paper screen. The Kindle Paperwhite gets its name from its display, which is whiter than the base Kindle display. The lighter screen gives more contrast with the text, making it easier to read than the light gray color of the Kindle's screen.
All Kindle screens can display images in 16 levels of gray using electronic ink technology. Unlike LCD screens, the Kindle e-reader's screens aren't backlit.
The crispness of the electronic ink screens makes them much easier to read in direct sunlight than devices with color LCD screens. The earliest Kindles required you to use a flashlight if you wanted to read in the dark, but now all of Amazon's e-readers have front-lit screens.
A thin sheet of nano-imprinted flattened fiber optic cable distributes the light uniformly over the entire screen, giving the illusion that it is backlit. But since the light is directed toward the screen and not toward your eyes, the Kindle retains its electronic ink advantage of being easy to read.
Despite the addition of light, which is usually a big power drain, Kindles keep battery usage at a minimum by using low-powered LEDs as the light source. The basic Kindle uses four LED lights, the Paperwhite has 17, and the Scribe has 35.
Inside the Amazon Kindle
At its most basic level, the Kindle is just a specialized portable computer. It has many of the bits and pieces you'd expect to find in any computing system. It also has a couple of elements that set it apart from your average computer.
Circuit Board
Most of the Kindle's components attach directly to a circuit board. The circuit board acts as the foundation for electronic circuits in the Kindle. Most of the components are inseparable from the board. The various chips on the board include the processor, memory, USB connector and touch screen interface.
Battery
The Kindle draws its power from a rechargeable lithium-polymer battery.
According to Amazon, the battery in the base Kindle can last up to six weeks without recharging, and the batteries in the Paperwhite may last up to 10 weeks.
The Kindle Scribe has a battery life of up to 12 weeks of reading or three weeks of writing. Actual battery life depends on how much you use the light, wireless and Bluetooth.
Operating System
All versions of the Kindle use a Linux-based operating system. According to hardware hacker Igor Skochinsky, it uses the Das U-Boot bootloader to initialize its OS.
The E-book Reader Display
One complaint some people had about early e-book readers was that they found it difficult to read words on an LCD display. Some users complained that longer reading sessions put too much strain on their eyes.
Amazon's solution to this problem was to use electronic ink technology. The Kindle's electronic ink screen looks more like paper than an LCD screen. It reflects light in much the same way that paper does.
How Electronic Ink Technology Works
A company called E Ink in Cambridge, Massachusetts, developed the technology the Kindle relies upon to display text and images. Rather than use the liquid crystals you'd find in an LCD or the ionized gas you'd find in a plasma display, electronic ink actually uses millions of microcapsules, each only a few microns wide.
Each microcapsule contains a clear fluid and thousands of white and black particles. The white particles carry a positive magnetic charge, and the black particles have a negative charge.
It's these positively and negatively charged particles inside the microcapsules that make electronic ink displays possible. An array of thousands of tiny electrodes lies beneath the electronic ink display.
When an electrode emits a negative charge, it repels the negatively charged black balls, pushing them to the top of the microcapsule. At the same time, the negative charge attracts the positively charged white particles to the bottom of the microcapsule. When the electrode emits a positive charge, the white and black particles switch places and the screen appears to be blank.
Working together, thousands of electrodes and millions of microcapsules generate the text and images you can see on an electronic ink display. Through precise charges the Kindle can display a range of grays to provide shading in images.
You can even also the Kindle's font settings to display text in a larger or smaller font size. The Kindle's electronic ink screens can also render images but having only 16 shades of gray limits the detail of any pictures.
E Ink now makes color versions of its displays, but as of 2024 none of Amazon's readers use it. The Kindle Fire tablet — Amazon's color version of the e-reader — is backlit like other tablets.
Energy Usage
The Kindle uses less energy to generate a page view than a comparable LCD or plasma screen because it pulls power from its battery only during the initial page generation. Once the image is on the page it can stay there without requiring electricity.
It doesn't require more power until the user "turns" the page. This feature is what lets the Kindle's battery provide power for weeks at a time on a single charge.
Amazon's E-book Store
The Amazon Kindle gives you wireless access to an electronic store that includes millions of books, newspapers and magazines.
The Kindle allows you to buy books directly from the device. Alternately, you can browse books in the Kindle store using on another device and Amazon will send the electronic books directly to your device.
File Types
The files you access with a Kindle are in a proprietary format with the extensions AZW, AZW1, AZW2 or AZW3. These files include digital rights management (DRM) that prevents you from sharing your files with other users.
Kindles can handle Audible files (.aax) files, but not MP3s. Amazon also can convert several other types of files into the AZW format so that the Kindle can read them. These file types include:
Text (.txt) files
Unprotected (no DRM) MOBI files (.mobi or .prc)
Microsoft Word documents (.doc or .docx)
HTML files
Image files, including JPEG, GIF and PNG formats
PDF files
Each Kindle has a unique email address. You can send compatible files to your Kindle by e-mailing them as an attachment to this address. You can also connect your Kindle to a computer with the USB cord to transfer files.
Cloud Storage
Every purchase you make from Amazon goes into a special folder called your library. Amazon uses a cloud storage model where the file lives on one of Amazon's computer servers.
That means even if you delete a book from your Kindle device to conserve space, the record of your purchase will still exist in your Kindle library on Amazon's servers. You can download the book again to your Kindle for no additional charge.
There are also free Kindle reading apps for many devices, including iPhone, iPad, Android devices and Mac and Windows-based computers, so that you can buy and read Kindle books without purchasing a Kindle.
One advantage to all the available apps is that you can partake of Amazon's Whispersync technology, which synchronizes the last page you read on one device across all your Kindle readers, including your physical Kindle if you have one or more, so that you can read on multiple devices without losing your page when you switch.
There are also libraries of free e-books available online, many of which are in the public domain. And many public libraries let you check out e-books and read them with your Kindle; Libby is a free app you can use to find and borrow library books for Kindle.
Deregistration
What if you've lost your Kindle, or some unscrupulous person has taken a kindled interest in it and stolen it from you?
You should go to your Amazon profile and deregister your Kindle as soon as possible. Otherwise, the thief may use your Kindle to download a library of books on your dime.
Popularity of the Kindle
Upon its debut, the Amazon Kindle costed $399. While some critics said the price tag was too high, the demand for the Kindle soon depleted Amazon's stock of the device.
Amazon's CEO Jeff Bezos offered an apology to customers. He claimed that the company sold out of its stock in less than six hours. Some bloggers suggested that Bezos' goal wasn't to offer a sincere apology — it was to drive up more interest for the device.
When the Kindle became available again, the price dropped to $359. Amazon didn't release sales numbers to the public, leaving many to question exactly how popular the device was. It seemed like the Kindle belonged to the realm of folklore — you didn't own one, but a friend of a friend did.
Kindle and Oprah
Amazon got a huge publicity boost in October 2008 when Oprah Winfrey named the Kindle as her favorite gadget. Oprah devoted most of an episode of her show to promoting the Kindle. She invited Jeff Bezos to the show to talk about the device, explaining its features to her audience.
Oprah also announced an electronic coupon for the device. Nowadays the entry-level Kindle can be had for less than $100.
Criticism
Kindle readers usually rank at the top in journalists' lists of best readers. Amazon's advantages help fuel this, especially against other companies with similarly equipped e-readers.
But the company hasn't been free of criticism, and the integrated bookstore is often a topic of complaint.
Electronic copies of books sometimes cost about half as much as physical copies, something that seems unfair to some people. Unlike a physical book, there are very few production and distribution costs associated with an electronic file.
Amazon also got into hot water when it remotely deleted copies of George Orwell's "1984" and "Animal Farm" stored on customers' Kindles. It turns out the publisher that made the books available didn't have the proper rights. Amazon credited customers the money they spent on the books and apologized for the situation.
The incident brought to light a potential problem with electronic copies of books: a gray area for consumers when it comes to owning digital information. Turns out these companies doesn't own these e-books, they license them.
If something happened to the company you bought these books from, the content would no longer be available to you. You also can't read an e-book you bought via Amazon Kindle on a rival e-reader like Nook [source: Warner].
In 2012, Amazon was accused of terminating a woman's account and deleting the books from her device, stating that her account was linked to another that had abused its policies. The company didn't provide much information and gave no recourse for resolution. While this is one isolated incident, it prompted renewed concern about digital rights management (DRM) [sources: Aguilar, Mosbergen].
Lots More Information
Sources
Aguilar, Mario. "Amazon Deletes Woman's Account and Kindle Data, Refuses to Explain Why (Updated)." Gizmodo. Oct. 22, 2012. (July 14, 2021) http://gizmodo.com/5953829/amazon-deletes-users-account-and-kindle-data-without-explanation
AKI. "Inside the Amazon Kindle." Dr. Blip's PC-Doctor Blog. Dec. 2, 2007. (July 14, 2021) http://www.pcdoctor-community.com/blog/posts/2007/12/02/Inside-the-Amazon-Kindle/
Amazon.com. "Amazon Kindle User's Guide." (July 14, 2021) http://kindle.s3.amazonaws.com/Kindle_User%27s_Guide_English.pdf
Amazon.com. "Kindle - Now with a Built-in Front Light - Black - Ad-Supported." (July 14, 2021) https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07978J597?ref=ods_ucc_eink_kindle_rc_nd_ucc
Amazon.com. "Fire." (July 14, 2021) https://www.amazon.com/Amazon-Fire-Tablet-Family/b/?ie=UTF8&node=6669703011
Amazon. "Kindle Kids Edition, a Kindle designed for kids, with parental controls - Blue Cover." (July 14, 2021) https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07NMY72SC?ref=ods_ucc_eink_kke_kindle_rc_nd_ucc
Amazon. "Kindle Oasis - Now with adjustable warm light - Ad-Supported." (July 14, 2021) https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07F7TLZF4?ref=ods_ucc_eink_oasis_rc_nd_ucc
Amazon. "Kindle Paperwhite - Now Waterproof with 2x the Storage - Ad-Supported." (July 14, 2021) https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07CXG6C9W?ref=ods_ucc_eink_pprwhite_rc_nd_ucc
Amazon.com. "Learn About Sending Documents to Your Kindle Library." (July 14, 2021) https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html/?nodeId=200767340
Amazon.com. "Kindle User's Guide - Kindle Paperwhite" (July 14, 2021) http://kindle.s3.amazonaws.com/Kindle_Paperwhite_Users_Guide.pdf
Amazon.com. "Kindle Wireless Reading Device (6" Display, Global Wireless, Latest Generation)." (July 14, 2021) http://www.amazon.com/dp/B0015T963C
Boy Genius Report. "Amazon Kindle 2 e-books its way to BGR." Oct. 3, 2008. (July 14, 2021) http://www.boygeniusreport.com/2008/10/03/amazon-kindle-2-ebooks-its-way-to-bgr/
Bradford, K.T. "Video: Amazon Kindle Touch Hands-On - Not So Different From the Nook?" GottaBeMobile. Sept. 28, 2011. (July 14, 2021) http://www.gottabemobile.com/2011/09/28/video-amazon-kindle-touch-hands-on-not-so-different-from-the-nook/
Brown, Stuart F. "Working Knowledge: Inside the Kindle E-Book Reader." Scientific American. May 2008. (July 14, 2021) http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=library-to-go
Carnoy, David. "Kindle Paperwhite (2013) e-reader review: 2013 Paperwhite is subtly better, faster." CNET. June 27, 2015. (July 14, 2021) http://reviews.cnet.com/kindle-paperwhite/
Cashmore, Pete. "Big Brother: Amazon Remotely Deletes 1984 From Kindles." Mashable. July 17, 2009. (July 14, 2021) http://mashable.com/2009/07/17/amazon-kindle-1984/
Crook, Jordan. "Amazon Tops 1 Million Kindle Books In Just Four Years." TechCrunch. Sept. 28, 2011. (July 14, 2021) http://techcrunch.com/2011/09/28/amazon-tops-1-million-kindle-books-in-just-four-years/
Cunningham, Andrew. "Amazon's New $119 Kindle Paperwhite e-reader comes with front-lit screen." Ars Technica. Sept. 6, 2012. (July 14, 2021) http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/09/amazons-new-kindle-paperwhite-e-reader-comes-with-frontlit-screen/
Dilger, Daniel E. "In-depth review: can Amazon's Kindle light a fire under eBooks?" AppleInsider. Dec. 10, 2007. (July 14, 2021) http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/07/12/10/in_depth_review_can_amazons_kindle_light_a_fire_under_ebooks.html
E Ink Corporation. "Technology." (July 14, 2021) https://www.eink.com/electronic-ink.html
Hardawar, Devindra. "Amazon's Kindle Paperwhite is amazing (too bad it's sold out until November)." Oct. 3, 2012. (July 14, 2021) http://venturebeat.com/2012/10/03/kindle-paperwhite-sold-out-hands-on/#s:dsc02920
Heater, Brian. "Amazon Kindle Paperwhite review." Engadget. Sept. 30, 2012. (July 14, 2021) http://www.engadget.com/2012/09/30/amazon-kindle-paperwhite-review/
Ifixit. "Kindle 2 Teardown." Ifixit.com. 2009. (July 14, 2021) http://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Kindle-2/624/1
Kelley, Michael, Lynn Blumenstein, David Rapp & Bob Warburton. "Amazon and Overdrive roll out Kindle books for Libraries." Library Journal. Oct. 15, 2011, Volume 136, Issue 17, Pages 10-11.
Kozlowski, Michael. "eBook sales are undergoing a revival in 2020." Good e-Reader. May 9, 2020. (July 14, 2021) https://goodereader.com/blog/e-book-news/ebook-sales-are-undergoing-a-revival-in-2020
Kozlowski, Michael. "ebook sales declined 5.6% in February 2020." Good e-Reader. April 27, 2020. (July 14, 2021) https://goodereader.com/blog/e-book-news/ebook-sales-declined-5-6-in-february-2020
Melanson, Donald. "Amazon Q3 2012 earnings: $13.18 billion revenue, net loss of $274 million." Engadget. Oct. 25, 2012. (July 14, 2021) http://www.engadget.com/2012/10/25/amazon-announces-q3-2012-earnings-13-18-billion-revenue/
Meyer, David. "Amazon Kindle app preinstalled on many new Windows 8and RT machines." ZDNet. Oct. 26, 2012. (July 14, 2021) http://www.zdnet.com/amazon-kindle-app-preinstalled-on-many-new-windows-8-and-rt-machines-7000006433/
Millan, Mark. "Kindle Touch's Secret Weapon: Lasers." CNN. Sept. 29, 2011. (July 14, 2021) http://www.cnn.com/2011/09/29/tech/gaming-gadgets/kindle-touch-screen/index.html
Miller, Claire Cain. "E-books Top Hardcovers at Amazon." The New York Times. July 19, 2010. (July 14, 2021) http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/20/technology/20kindle.html
Mlot, Stephanie. "Report: Amazon Limits Kindle 3G web Use." PC Magazine. July 25, 2012. (July 14, 2021) http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2407627,00.asp
Mosbergen, Dominique. "Amazon Allegedly Deletes Customer's Kindle; Incident Triggers Discussion About Ebooks, DRM." Huffington Post. Oct. 23, 2012. (July 14, 2021) http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/22/amazon-kindle-deleted-remotely-ebooks-drm_n_2001952.html
Moscaritolo, Angela. "Report: Amazon Discontinuing Super-Sized Kindle DX." PC Magazine. Oct. 15, 2012. (July 14, 2021) http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2410999,00.asp
Newman, Jared. "Amazon Announces $199 Kindle Fire Tablet, Clutch of new Kindle E-Readers." PCWorld. Sept. 28, 2011. (July 14, 2021) http://www.pcworld.com/article/240743/amazon_announces_199_kindle_fire_tablet_clutch_of_new_kindle_ereaders.html
O'Brien, Terrence. "Kindle DX no longer available from Amazon, potentially discontinued." Engadget. Oct. 15, 2012. (July 14, 2021) http://www.engadget.com/2012/10/15/kindle-dx-no-longer-available-from-amazon/
Paul, Ryan. "Linux on Amazon's Kindle e-book reader." Ars Technica. Nov. 20, 2007. (July 14, 2021) http://arstechnica.com/journals/linux.ars/2007/11/20/linux-on-amazons-kindle-e-book-reader
Perenson, Melissa J. "Amazon Kindle 2 versus Kindle Original: We Compare." PC World. Feb. 25, 2009. (July 14, 2021) http://www.pcworld.com/article/160165/amazon_kindle_2_vs_kindle_original_we_compare.html
Perenson, Melissa J. "Amazon Kindle 3: The Best Kindle Yet." PC World. Aug. 22, 2010. (July 14, 2021) http://www.pcworld.com/article/202146/amazon_kindle_3_the_best_kindle_yet.html
Rapaport, Lisa. "Amazon.com Says Kindle E-Book Sales Surpass Printed Books for First Time." Bloomberg. May 19, 2011. (July 14, 2021) http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-19/amazon-com-says-kindle-electronic-book-sales-surpass-printed-format.html
Rapid Repair. "Amazon Kindle Take-Apart." Nov. 29, 2007. (July 14, 2021) http://www.rapidrepair.com/guides/amazonkindleguide/amazon-kindle-Take-Apart-Guide.htm
Rapid Repair. "Amazon Kindle DX Repair Guide." RapidRepair.com. 2009. (July 14, 2021) http://www.rapidrepair.com/guides/kindle-dx/amazon-kindle-dx-disassembly-repair-guide.html
Ricknas, Mikael. "Amazon counts on Kindle after posting first loss innine years." Computer World. Oct. 26, 2012. (July 14, 2021) http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9232945/Amazon_counts_on_Kindle_after_posting_first_loss_in_nine_years
Sachoff, Mike. "Amazon CEO Apologizes for Kindle Delays." WebProNews. March 21, 2008. (July 14, 2021) http://www.webpronews.com/topnews/2008/03/21/amazon-ceo-apologizes-for-kindle-delays
Schofield, Jack. "Amazon Kindle Paperwhite - review." Guardian. Oct. 26, 2012. (July 14, 2021) http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2012/oct/26/amazon-kindle-paperwhite-review
Shankland, Stephen. "A reverse engineer finds Kindle's hidden features." CNET. Jan. 2, 2008. (July 14, 2021) https://www.cnet.com/tech/computing/a-reverse-engineer-finds-kindles-hidden-features/
Skochinsky, Igor. "Hacking the Kindle part 1: getting the console." Reversing Everything. Dec. 20, 2007. (July 14, 2021) http://igorsk.blogspot.com/2007/12/hacking-kindle-part-1-getting-console.html
Skochinsky, Igor. "Hacking the Kindle part 2: bootloader and firmware updates." Reversing Everything. Dec. 20, 2007. (July 14, 2021) http://igorsk.blogspot.com/2007/12/hacking-kindle-part-2-bootloader-and.html
Skochinsky, Igor. "Hacking the Kindle part 3: root shell and runtime system." Reversing Everything. Dec. 21, 2007. (July 14, 2021) http://igorsk.blogspot.com/2007/12/hacking-kindle-part-3-root-shell-and.html
Statista. "E-readers." 2020. (July 14, 2021) https://www.statista.com/study/14804/e-readers-statista-dossier/
Strange, Adario. "Amazon U.K. E-Book Sales Surpass Print." PC Magazine. Aug. 7, 2012. (July 14, 2021) http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2408135,00.asp
Tanovska, H. "E-Readers - Statistics & Facts." Statista. Oct. 22, 2020. (July 14, 2021) https://www.statista.com/topics/1488/e-readers/
Torres, Cesar. "Brighter, sharper, and ad-filled: The Kindle Paperwhite review." Ars Technica. Oct. 17, 2012 (July 14, 2021) http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/10/its-bright-but-maybe-tablet-food-the-kindle-paperwhite-review/
Turner, Daniel. "Amazon Kindle." Technology Review. March/April 2008. (July 14, 2021) http://www.technologyreview.com/computing/20218/
Popularity of the Kindle
Upon its debut, the Amazon Kindle costed $399. While some critics said the price tag was too high, the demand for the Kindle soon depleted Amazon's stock of the device. Amazon's CEO Jeff Bezos offered an apology to customers. He claimed that the company sold out of its stock in less than six hours. Some web journalists and bloggers suggested that Bezos' goal wasn't to offer a sincere apology — it was to drive up more interest for the device.
When the Kindle became available again, the price dropped to $359. Amazon didn't release sales numbers to the public, leaving many to question exactly how popular the device was. Netcasts such as CNET's "Buzz Out Loud" would occasionally report on Kindles listeners had spotted "in the wild." It seemed like the Kindle belonged to the realm of folklore — you didn't own one, but a friend of a friend did.
Amazon got a huge publicity boost in October 2008 when Oprah Winfrey named the Kindle as her favorite gadget. Oprah devoted most of an episode of her show to promoting the Kindle. She invited Jeff Bezos to the show to talk about the device, explaining its features to her audience. Oprah also announced an electronic coupon for the device. Nowadays the entry-level Kindle can be had for less than $100, $110 for the version without ads.
Kindle readers usually rank at the top in journalists' lists of best readers. Amazon's advantages help fuel this, especially against other companies with similarly equipped e-readers. But the company hasn't been free of criticism, and the integrated bookstore is often a topic of complaint. Electronic copies of books sometimes cost about as much as physical copies, something that seems unfair to some people. Unlike a physical book, there are very few production and distribution costs associated with an electronic file.
Amazon also got into hot water when it remotely deleted copies of George Orwell's "1984" and "Animal Farm" stored on customers' Kindles. It turns out the publisher that made the books available didn't have the proper rights. Amazon credited customers the money they spent on the books and apologized for the situation.
The incident brought to light a potential problem with electronic copies of books — a gray area for consumers when it comes to owning digital information. Turns out these companies doesn't own these e-books, they license them. If something happened to the company you bought these books from, the content would no longer be available to you. You also can't read an e-book you bought via Amazon Kindle on a rival e-reader like Nook [source: Warner].
In 2012, Amazon was accused of terminating a woman's account and deleting the books from her device, stating that her account was linked to another that had abused its policies. The company didn't provide much information and gave no recourse for resolution. While this is one isolated incident, it has prompted renewed concern about digital rights management (DRM) [sources: Aguilar, Mosbergen].
But despite criticisms, the Kindle certainly has appeal. Amazon reported in May 2011 that e-book sales were surpassing physical book sales on its U.S. site and reported the same of the U.K. site in August 2012 [sources: Rapaport, Strange]. As of 2017, Kindles enjoyed 72 percent of the market in the U.S. But sales of e-books overall dipped in the 2010s, only to be revived during the COVID-19 pandemic when bookstores were closed. Libraries were also closed, and e-book borrowing skyrocketed.
E-books are still behind print in terms of revenue, but it's clear that publishing companies and self-publishers aren't going to quit anytime soon. And the pandemic also gave e-publishing a shot in the arm. When all is said and done, e-books may not obliterate print books, but they're here to stay. And so is Kindle.
HowStuffWorks earns a small affiliate commission when you purchase through links on our site.
Lots More Information
Related Articles
More Great Links
Sources
Aguilar, Mario. "Amazon Deletes Woman's Account and Kindle Data, Refuses to Explain Why (Updated)." Gizmodo. Oct. 22, 2012. (July 14, 2021) http://gizmodo.com/5953829/amazon-deletes-users-account-and-kindle-data-without-explanation
AKI. "Inside the Amazon Kindle." Dr. Blip's PC-Doctor Blog. Dec. 2, 2007. (July 14, 2021) http://www.pcdoctor-community.com/blog/posts/2007/12/02/Inside-the-Amazon-Kindle/
Amazon.com. "Amazon Kindle User's Guide." (July 14, 2021) http://kindle.s3.amazonaws.com/Kindle_User%27s_Guide_English.pdf
Amazon.com. "Kindle - Now with a Built-in Front Light - Black - Ad-Supported." (July 14, 2021) https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07978J597?ref=ods_ucc_eink_kindle_rc_nd_ucc
Amazon.com. "Fire." (July 14, 2021) https://www.amazon.com/Amazon-Fire-Tablet-Family/b/?ie=UTF8&node=6669703011
Amazon. "Kindle Kids Edition, a Kindle designed for kids, with parental controls - Blue Cover." (July 14, 2021) https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07NMY72SC?ref=ods_ucc_eink_kke_kindle_rc_nd_ucc
Amazon. "Kindle Oasis - Now with adjustable warm light - Ad-Supported." (July 14, 2021) https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07F7TLZF4?ref=ods_ucc_eink_oasis_rc_nd_ucc
Amazon. "Kindle Paperwhite - Now Waterproof with 2x the Storage - Ad-Supported." (July 14, 2021) https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07CXG6C9W?ref=ods_ucc_eink_pprwhite_rc_nd_ucc
Amazon.com. "Learn About Sending Documents to Your Kindle Library." (July 14, 2021) https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html/?nodeId=200767340
Amazon.com. "Kindle User's Guide - Kindle Paperwhite" (July 14, 2021) http://kindle.s3.amazonaws.com/Kindle_Paperwhite_Users_Guide.pdf
Amazon.com. "Kindle Wireless Reading Device (6" Display, Global Wireless, Latest Generation)." (July 14, 2021) http://www.amazon.com/dp/B0015T963C
Boy Genius Report. "Amazon Kindle 2 e-books its way to BGR." Oct. 3, 2008. (July 14, 2021) http://www.boygeniusreport.com/2008/10/03/amazon-kindle-2-ebooks-its-way-to-bgr/
Bradford, K.T. "Video: Amazon Kindle Touch Hands-On - Not So Different From the Nook?" GottaBeMobile. Sept. 28, 2011. (July 14, 2021) http://www.gottabemobile.com/2011/09/28/video-amazon-kindle-touch-hands-on-not-so-different-from-the-nook/
Brown, Stuart F. "Working Knowledge: Inside the Kindle E-Book Reader." Scientific American. May 2008. (July 14, 2021) http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=library-to-go
Carnoy, David. "Kindle Paperwhite (2013) e-reader review: 2013 Paperwhite is subtly better, faster." CNET. June 27, 2015. (July 14, 2021) http://reviews.cnet.com/kindle-paperwhite/
Cashmore, Pete. "Big Brother: Amazon Remotely Deletes 1984 From Kindles." Mashable. July 17, 2009. (July 14, 2021) http://mashable.com/2009/07/17/amazon-kindle-1984/
Crook, Jordan. "Amazon Tops 1 Million Kindle Books In Just Four Years." TechCrunch. Sept. 28, 2011. (July 14, 2021) http://techcrunch.com/2011/09/28/amazon-tops-1-million-kindle-books-in-just-four-years/
Cunningham, Andrew. "Amazon's New $119 Kindle Paperwhite e-reader comes with front-lit screen." Ars Technica. Sept. 6, 2012. (July 14, 2021) http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/09/amazons-new-kindle-paperwhite-e-reader-comes-with-frontlit-screen/
Dilger, Daniel E. "In-depth review: can Amazon's Kindle light a fire under eBooks?" AppleInsider. Dec. 10, 2007. (July 14, 2021) http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/07/12/10/in_depth_review_can_amazons_kindle_light_a_fire_under_ebooks.html
E Ink Corporation. "Technology." (July 14, 2021) https://www.eink.com/electronic-ink.html
Hardawar, Devindra. "Amazon's Kindle Paperwhite is amazing (too bad it's sold out until November)." Oct. 3, 2012. (July 14, 2021) http://venturebeat.com/2012/10/03/kindle-paperwhite-sold-out-hands-on/#s:dsc02920
Heater, Brian. "Amazon Kindle Paperwhite review." Engadget. Sept. 30, 2012. (July 14, 2021) http://www.engadget.com/2012/09/30/amazon-kindle-paperwhite-review/
Ifixit. "Kindle 2 Teardown." Ifixit.com. 2009. (July 14, 2021) http://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Kindle-2/624/1
Kelley, Michael, Lynn Blumenstein, David Rapp & Bob Warburton. "Amazon and Overdrive roll out Kindle books for Libraries." Library Journal. Oct. 15, 2011, Volume 136, Issue 17, Pages 10-11.
Kozlowski, Michael. "eBook sales are undergoing a revival in 2020." Good e-Reader. May 9, 2020. (July 14, 2021) https://goodereader.com/blog/e-book-news/ebook-sales-are-undergoing-a-revival-in-2020
Kozlowski, Michael. "ebook sales declined 5.6% in February 2020." Good e-Reader. April 27, 2020. (July 14, 2021) https://goodereader.com/blog/e-book-news/ebook-sales-declined-5-6-in-february-2020
Melanson, Donald. "Amazon Q3 2012 earnings: $13.18 billion revenue, net loss of $274 million." Engadget. Oct. 25, 2012. (July 14, 2021) http://www.engadget.com/2012/10/25/amazon-announces-q3-2012-earnings-13-18-billion-revenue/
Meyer, David. "Amazon Kindle app preinstalled on many new Windows 8and RT machines." ZDNet. Oct. 26, 2012. (July 14, 2021) http://www.zdnet.com/amazon-kindle-app-preinstalled-on-many-new-windows-8-and-rt-machines-7000006433/
Millan, Mark. "Kindle Touch's Secret Weapon: Lasers." CNN. Sept. 29, 2011. (July 14, 2021) http://www.cnn.com/2011/09/29/tech/gaming-gadgets/kindle-touch-screen/index.html
Miller, Claire Cain. "E-books Top Hardcovers at Amazon." The New York Times. July 19, 2010. (July 14, 2021) http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/20/technology/20kindle.html
Mlot, Stephanie. "Report: Amazon Limits Kindle 3G web Use." PC Magazine. July 25, 2012. (July 14, 2021) http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2407627,00.asp
Mosbergen, Dominique. "Amazon Allegedly Deletes Customer's Kindle; Incident Triggers Discussion About Ebooks, DRM." Huffington Post. Oct. 23, 2012. (July 14, 2021) http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/22/amazon-kindle-deleted-remotely-ebooks-drm_n_2001952.html
Moscaritolo, Angela. "Report: Amazon Discontinuing Super-Sized Kindle DX." PC Magazine. Oct. 15, 2012. (July 14, 2021) http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2410999,00.asp
Newman, Jared. "Amazon Announces $199 Kindle Fire Tablet, Clutch of new Kindle E-Readers." PCWorld. Sept. 28, 2011. (July 14, 2021) http://www.pcworld.com/article/240743/amazon_announces_199_kindle_fire_tablet_clutch_of_new_kindle_ereaders.html
O'Brien, Terrence. "Kindle DX no longer available from Amazon, potentially discontinued." Engadget. Oct. 15, 2012. (July 14, 2021) http://www.engadget.com/2012/10/15/kindle-dx-no-longer-available-from-amazon/
Paul, Ryan. "Linux on Amazon's Kindle e-book reader." Ars Technica. Nov. 20, 2007. (July 14, 2021) http://arstechnica.com/journals/linux.ars/2007/11/20/linux-on-amazons-kindle-e-book-reader
Perenson, Melissa J. "Amazon Kindle 2 versus Kindle Original: We Compare." PC World. Feb. 25, 2009. (July 14, 2021) http://www.pcworld.com/article/160165/amazon_kindle_2_vs_kindle_original_we_compare.html
Perenson, Melissa J. "Amazon Kindle 3: The Best Kindle Yet." PC World. Aug. 22, 2010. (July 14, 2021) http://www.pcworld.com/article/202146/amazon_kindle_3_the_best_kindle_yet.html
Rapaport, Lisa. "Amazon.com Says Kindle E-Book Sales Surpass Printed Books for First Time." Bloomberg. May 19, 2011. (July 14, 2021) http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-19/amazon-com-says-kindle-electronic-book-sales-surpass-printed-format.html
Rapid Repair. "Amazon Kindle Take-Apart." Nov. 29, 2007. (July 14, 2021) http://www.rapidrepair.com/guides/amazonkindleguide/amazon-kindle-Take-Apart-Guide.htm
Rapid Repair. "Amazon Kindle DX Repair Guide." RapidRepair.com. 2009. (July 14, 2021) http://www.rapidrepair.com/guides/kindle-dx/amazon-kindle-dx-disassembly-repair-guide.html
Ricknas, Mikael. "Amazon counts on Kindle after posting first loss innine years." Computer World. Oct. 26, 2012. (July 14, 2021) http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9232945/Amazon_counts_on_Kindle_after_posting_first_loss_in_nine_years
Sachoff, Mike. "Amazon CEO Apologizes for Kindle Delays." WebProNews. March 21, 2008. (July 14, 2021) http://www.webpronews.com/topnews/2008/03/21/amazon-ceo-apologizes-for-kindle-delays
Schofield, Jack. "Amazon Kindle Paperwhite - review." Guardian. Oct. 26, 2012. (July 14, 2021) http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2012/oct/26/amazon-kindle-paperwhite-review
Shankland, Stephen. "A reverse engineer finds Kindle's hidden features." CNET. Jan. 2, 2008. (July 14, 2021) https://www.cnet.com/tech/computing/a-reverse-engineer-finds-kindles-hidden-features/
Skochinsky, Igor. "Hacking the Kindle part 1: getting the console." Reversing Everything. Dec. 20, 2007. (July 14, 2021) http://igorsk.blogspot.com/2007/12/hacking-kindle-part-1-getting-console.html
Skochinsky, Igor. "Hacking the Kindle part 2: bootloader and firmware updates." Reversing Everything. Dec. 20, 2007. (July 14, 2021) http://igorsk.blogspot.com/2007/12/hacking-kindle-part-2-bootloader-and.html
Skochinsky, Igor. "Hacking the Kindle part 3: root shell and runtime system." Reversing Everything. Dec. 21, 2007. (July 14, 2021) http://igorsk.blogspot.com/2007/12/hacking-kindle-part-3-root-shell-and.html
Statista. "E-readers." 2020. (July 14, 2021) https://www.statista.com/study/14804/e-readers-statista-dossier/
Strange, Adario. "Amazon U.K. E-Book Sales Surpass Print." PC Magazine. Aug. 7, 2012. (July 14, 2021) http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2408135,00.asp
Tanovska, H. "E-Readers - Statistics & Facts." Statista. Oct. 22, 2020. (July 14, 2021) https://www.statista.com/topics/1488/e-readers/
Torres, Cesar. "Brighter, sharper, and ad-filled: The Kindle Paperwhite review." Ars Technica. Oct. 17, 2012 (July 14, 2021) http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/10/its-bright-but-maybe-tablet-food-the-kindle-paperwhite-review/
Turner, Daniel. "Amazon Kindle." Technology Review. March/April 2008. (July 14, 2021) http://www.technologyreview.com/computing/20218/
Lots More Information
Related Articles
What do you know about e-readers?
More Great Links
Sources
Aguilar, Mario. "Amazon Deletes Woman's Account and Kindle Data, Refuses to Explain Why." Gizmodo. October 22, 2012. (October 23, 2012) http://gizmodo.com/5953829/amazon-deletes-users-account-and-kindle-data-without-explanation
AKI. "Inside the Amazon Kindle." Dr. Blip's PC-Doctor Blog. Dec. 2, 2007. (Oct. 29, 2008) http://www.pcdoctor-community.com/blog/posts/2007/12/02/Inside-the-Amazon-Kindle/
Amazon.com. "Amazon Kindle User's Guide." (November 1, 2012) http://kindle.s3.amazonaws.com/Kindle_User%27s_Guide_English.pdf
Amazon.com. "Kindle." (Oct. 24, 2011) http://www.amazon.com/Kindle-eReader-eBook-Reader-e-Reader-Special-Offers/dp/B0051QVESA
Amazon.com. "Kindle Cloud Reader." (November 1, 2012) https://read.amazon.com/about
Amazon.com. "Kindle DX Wireless Reading Device (9.7" Display, Global Wireless, Latest Generation)." (Oct. 26, 2011) http://www.amazon.com/Kindle-Wireless-Reading-Display-Generation/dp/B0015TG12Q
Amazon.com. "Kindle Fire." (Oct. 24, 2011) http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0051VVOB2/ref=famstripe_kf
Amazon. "Kindle Paperwhite." (October 27, 2012) http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B008GEKXUO/
Amazon.com. "Kindle Personal Documents Service." (November 1, 2012) http://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html/?nodeId=200767340
Amazon.com. "Kindle Touch." (Oct. 24, 2011) http://www.amazon.com/Kindle-Touch-e-Reader-Touch-Screen-Wi-Fi-Special-Offers/dp/B005890G8Y
Amazon.com. "Kindle User's Guide - Kindle Touch." (November 1, 2012) https://s3.amazonaws.com/KindleTouch/Kindle_Touch_User_Guide.pdf
Amazon.com. "Kindle User's Guide - Kindle Paperwhite" (November 1, 2012) http://kindle.s3.amazonaws.com/Kindle_Paperwhite_Users_Guide.pdf
Amazon.com. "Kindle User's Guide 2nd Edition - Kindle Keyboard." (November 1, 2012) http://kindle.s3.amazonaws.com/Kindle_Users_Guide_2nd_Ed.pdf
Amazon.com. "Kindle Wireless Reading Device (6" Display, Global Wireless, Latest Generation)." (Oct. 26, 2011) http://www.amazon.com/dp/B0015T963C
Biggs, John. "10 reasons to buy a Kindle 2... and 10 reasons not to." Crunchgear. Feb. 25, 2009. (Jan. 12, 2010) http://www.crunchgear.com/2009/02/25/10-reasons-to-buy-a-kindle-2-and-10-reasons-not-to/
Boy Genius Report. "Amazon Kindle 2 e-books its way to BGR." Oct. 3, 2008. (Oct. 26, 2011) http://www.boygeniusreport.com/2008/10/03/amazon-kindle-2-ebooks-its-way-to-bgr/
Bradford, K.T. "Video: Amazon Kindle Touch Hands-On - Not So Different From the Nook?" GottaBeMobile. Sept. 28, 2011. (Oct. 24, 2011) http://www.gottabemobile.com/2011/09/28/video-amazon-kindle-touch-hands-on-not-so-different-from-the-nook/
Brown, Stuart F. "Working Knowledge: Inside the Kindle E-Book Reader." Scientific American. May 2008. (Oct. 26, 2011) http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=library-to-go
Carnoy, David. "Kindle Paperwhite review: Kindle Paperwhite shines." CNET. September 30, 2012. (October 27, 2012) http://reviews.cnet.com/kindle-paperwhite/
Cashmore, Pete. "Big Brother: Amazon Remotely Deletes 1984 From Kindles." Mashable. July 17, 2009. (Oct. 26, 2011) http://mashable.com/2009/07/17/amazon-kindle-1984/
Crook, Jordan. "Amazon Tops 1 Million Kindle Books In Just Four Years." TechCrunch. September 28, 2011. (November 2, 2012) http://techcrunch.com/2011/09/28/amazon-tops-1-million-kindle-books-in-just-four-years/
Cunningham, Andrew. "Amazon's New $119 Kindle Paperwhite e-reader comes with front-lit screen." Ars Technica. September 6, 2012. (November 2, 2012) http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/09/amazons-new-kindle-paperwhite-e-reader-comes-with-frontlit-screen/
Deleon, Nicholas. "Book industry cautiously optimistic about the Kindle, electronic books." CrunchGear. Oct. 20, 2008. (Oct. 26, 2011) http://www.crunchgear.com/2008/10/20/book-industry-cautiously-optimistic-about-the-kindle-electronic-books/
Dilger, Daniel E. "In-depth review: can Amazon's Kindle light a fire under eBooks?" AppleInsider. Dec. 10, 2007. (Oct. 26, 2011) http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/07/12/10/in_depth_review_can_amazons_kindle_light_a_fire_under_ebooks.html
E Ink Corporation. "Technology." (Oct. 26, 2011) http://eink.com/technology/howitworks.html
Hardawar, Devindra. "Amazon's Kindle Paperwhite is amazing (too bad it's sold out until November)." October 3, 2012. (November 2, 2012) http://venturebeat.com/2012/10/03/kindle-paperwhite-sold-out-hands-on/#s:dsc02920
Heater, Brian. "Amazon Kindle Paperwhite review." Engadget. September 30, 2012. (October 27, 2012) http://www.engadget.com/2012/09/30/amazon-kindle-paperwhite-review/
Ifixit. "Kindle 2 Teardown." Ifixit.com. 2009. (Oct. 26, 2011) http://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Kindle-2/624/1
Kelley, Michael, Lynn Blumenstein, David Rapp & Bob Warburton. "Amazon and Overdrive roll out Kindle books for Libraries." Library Journal. October 15, 2011, Volume 136, Issue 17, Pages 10-11. (October 26, 2012)
Melanson, Donald. "Amazon Q3 2012 earnings: $13.18 billion revenue, net loss of $274 million." Engadget. October 25, 2012. (October 26, 2012) http://www.engadget.com/2012/10/25/amazon-announces-q3-2012-earnings-13-18-billion-revenue/
Meyer, David. "Amazon Kindle app preinstalled on many new Windows 8and RT machines." ZDNet. October 26, 2012. (October 26, 2012) http://www.zdnet.com/amazon-kindle-app-preinstalled-on-many-new-windows-8-and-rt-machines-7000006433/
Millan, Mark. "Kindle Touch's Secret Weapon: Lasers." CNN. September 29, 2011. (November 2, 2012) http://www.cnn.com/2011/09/29/tech/gaming-gadgets/kindle-touch-screen/index.html
Miller, Claire Cain. "E-books Top Hardcovers at Amazon." The New York Times. July 19, 2010. (Oct. 26, 2011) http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/20/technology/20kindle.html
Mlot, Stephanie. "Report: Amazon Limits Kindle 3G Web Use." PC Magazine. July 25, 2012. (October 26, 2012) http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2407627,00.asp
Mosbergen, Dominique. "Amazon Allegedly Deletes Customer's Kindle; Incident Triggers Discussion About Ebooks, DRM." Huffington Post. October 23, 2012. (November 1, 2012) http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/22/amazon-kindle-deleted-remotely-ebooks-drm_n_2001952.html?utm_hp_ref=technology
Moscaritolo, Angela. "Report: Amazon Discontinuing Super-Sized Kindle DX." PC Magazine. October 15, 2012. (October 31, 2012) http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2410999,00.asp
Newman, Jared. "Amazon Announces $199 Kindle Fire Tablet, Clutch of new Kindle E-Readers." PCWorld. Sept. 28, 2011. (Oct. 24, 2011) http://www.pcworld.com/article/240743/amazon_announces_199_kindle_fire_tablet_clutch_of_new_kindle_ereaders.html
O'Brien, Terrence. "Kindle DX no longer available from Amazon, potentially discontinued." Engadget. October 15, 2012. (October 31, 2012) http://www.engadget.com/2012/10/15/kindle-dx-no-longer-available-from-amazon/
Paul, Ryan. "Linux on Amazon's Kindle e-book reader." Ars Technica. Nov. 20, 2007. (Oct. 26, 2011) http://arstechnica.com/journals/linux.ars/2007/11/20/linux-on-amazons-kindle-e-book-reader
Perenson, Melissa J. "Amazon Kindle 2 vs. Kindle Original: We Compare." PC World. Feb. 25, 2009. (Oct. 26, 2011) http://www.pcworld.com/article/160165/amazon_kindle_2_vs_kindle_original_we_compare.html
Perenson, Melissa J. "Amazon Kindle 3: The Best Kindle Yet." PC World. Aug. 22, 2010. (Oct. 26, 2011) http://www.pcworld.com/article/202146/amazon_kindle_3_the_best_kindle_yet.html
Rapaport, Lisa. "Amazon.com Says Kindle E-Book Sales Surpass Printed Books for First Time." Bloomberg. May 19, 2011. (November 2, 2012) http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-19/amazon-com-says-kindle-electronic-book-sales-surpass-printed-format.html
Rapid Repair. "Amazon Kindle Take-Apart." Nov. 29, 2007. (Oct. 29, 2008) http://www.rapidrepair.com/guides/amazonkindleguide/amazon-kindle-Take-Apart-Guide.htm
Rapid Repair. "Amazon Kindle DX Repair Guide." RapidRepair.com. 2009. (Oct. 26, 2011) http://www.rapidrepair.com/guides/kindle-dx/amazon-kindle-dx-disassembly-repair-guide.html
Ricknas, Mikael. "Amazon counts on Kindle after posting first loss innine years." Computer World. October 26, 2012. (October 26, 2012) http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9232945/Amazon_counts_on_Kindle_after_posting_first_loss_in_nine_years
Sachoff, Mike. "Amazon CEO Apologizes for Kindle Delays." WebProNews. March 21, 2008. (Oct. 26, 2011) http://www.webpronews.com/topnews/2008/03/21/amazon-ceo-apologizes-for-kindle-delays
Schofield, Jack. "Amazon Kindle Paperwhite - review." Guardian. October 26, 2012. (October 31, 2012) http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2012/oct/26/amazon-kindle-paperwhite-review
Shankland, Stephen. "A reverse engineer finds Kindle's hidden features." CNET. Jan. 2, 2008. (Oct. 26, 2011) http://news.cnet.com/8301-13580_3-9838934-39.html
Skochinsky, Igor. "Hacking the Kindle part 1: getting the console." Reversing Everything. Dec. 20, 2007. (Oct. 26, 2011) http://igorsk.blogspot.com/2007/12/hacking-kindle-part-1-getting-console.html
Skochinsky, Igor. "Hacking the Kindle part 2: bootloader and firmware updates." Reversing Everything. Dec. 20, 2007. (Oct. 26, 2011) http://igorsk.blogspot.com/2007/12/hacking-kindle-part-2-bootloader-and.html
Skochinsky, Igor. "Hacking the Kindle part 3: root shell and runtime system." Reversing Everything. Dec. 21, 2007. (Oct. 26, 2011) http://igorsk.blogspot.com/2007/12/hacking-kindle-part-3-root-shell-and.html
Strange, Adario. "Amazon U.K. E-Book Sales Surpass Print." PC Magazine. August 7, 2012. (November 2, 2012) http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2408135,00.asp
Torres, Cesar. "Brighter, sharper, and ad-filled: The Kindle Paperwhite review." Ars Technica. October 17, 2012 (October 27, 2012) http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/10/its-bright-but-maybe-tablet-food-the-kindle-paperwhite-review/
Turner, Daniel. "Amazon Kindle." Technology Review. March/April 2008. (Oct. 26, 2011) http://www.technologyreview.com/computing/20218/
Original article: How Does Kindle Work? What to Know in 2024
Copyright © 2024 HowStuffWorks, a division of InfoSpace Holdings, LLC, a System1 Company