Iowa gets D+ grade in 2015 State Integrity Investigation
A grieving Burlington, Iowa, family had to fight state and local agencies for months to get official records about a fatal police shooting of a 34-year-old mother. Although such records are routinely released in many jurisdictions, the family began to make progress with its request only after Iowa’s Public Information Board, created three years ago to arbitrate such disputes, intervened on its behalf.
The fact that state authorities sought to obstruct the disclosure explains, in part, why Iowa received an overall grade of D+ in the State Integrity Investigation, an assessment of state government transparency and accountability conducted by the Center for Public Integrity and Global Integrity. The score ranks the Hawkeye State tied for 10th out of 50 states. That’s a drop from the first time the project was carried out, in 2012, when Iowa earned a C+ and ranked 7th, though the scores are not directly comparable due to changes made to improve and update the study and its methodology.
A 12-second excerpt from a video of the incident, taken by a policy body camera and released by the state Division of Criminal Investigation, attracted considerable public interest. It initially shows a snowy residential street filled with the sound of a child crying. The video shakes as the officer runs towards a couple fighting on the sidewalk. “Stop it,” he yells, and then, as a dog begins barking, he tells them to “get your dog” away. The camera jolts, and two shots ring out. Off camera, the woman groans after being struck by two bullets.
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This story is part of State Integrity 2015. How do each state's laws and practices deter corruption, promote transparency and enforce accountability?. Click here to read more stories in this investigation.
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“They are our records. We paid for them. It tells the public what happened in this incident and they have a right to know,” said local newspaper editor Steve Delaney, who sought access to the full video as well as other records. The officer was cleared of wrongdoing, but requests by the family of the woman he shot and by Delaney’s newspaper, The Hawk Eye, for police investigative reports, 911 telephone transcripts, and all the related body-camera and dashboard video were denied.
On Sept. 17, however, members of the Iowa Public Information Board voted five-to-three to take up their complaint. The board promised to seek an informal resolution or, failing that, to launch an investigation that could compel the agencies to release the records.
Improvements for access to information
Overall, Iowa has achieved some gains in public records access, and its score of 73, or a C-, in this category of the project was the best in the nation. The Iowa Public Information Board was created by state lawmakers in the aftermath of the first State Integrity Investigation, when Iowa received a failing grade for public records access. The board fields complaints about records requests and alleged open meetings violations. It can seek informal resolutions for disclosure requests or conduct a formal investigation. If a violation is found, the board can issue civil fines of up to $2,500.
Access to records improved after members of the board began briefing state and local officials about the open records and meetings laws, said Rox Laird, a former editorial writer with the Des Moines Register and past president of the Iowa Freedom of Information Council, a nonprofit group promoting greater government transparency.
Before the board was created in 2012, the fight for such records would have gone through expensive, lengthy court procedures. But Iowans still face challenges when requesting law enforcement investigative files, procurement bid documents and personnel files, Laird and others said. Gaining efficient access to such records is “the only way people can know what’s going on in their government, how their tax money is being spent and whether public employees — who work for the public after all — are doing their job,” Laird said.
Still room for improvement
Difficulties surrounding access to police records are not unique to Iowa. Delaney said he faced issues gaining access to law enforcement records in the past, both in Iowa and during his time as an editor and publisher in Kansas. “That’s why we need to step up to defend the public’s right to know,” he said. “If we don’t do it, no one else will.”
Kathleen Richardson, who recently stepped down as executive director of the Iowa Freedom of Information Council, said exceptions in the law include too much gray area. Agencies can deny requests by using broad exemptions, including two for personnel files and law enforcement investigative files, which she likened to “a black hole.”
After requests were made for the full Burlington shooting video, for example, state officials cited a court ruling in nearby Polk County that police officers’ investigative reports can remain confidential even after the completion of an investigation – in contrast to police agencies’ email and telephone billing records, which become public at the end of an investigation.
W. Charles Smithson, the Public Information Board’s executive director, said “it is a matter of statutory interpretation.” But he agreed that the law has “an awful lot of exceptions” that could be tightened up.
Separately, the Associated Press is waiting for the board to act on a complaint it filed over the state’s refusal to release the results of an internal probe of three state patrol officers put on leave and then allowed to return to work. The Department of Public Safety has said the probe results are confidential under exemptions for personnel records.
Iowa received its worst marks for the categories examining judicial accountability and lobbying disclosure, receiving an F in both.
Corporate redactions
Others have expressed concern about transparency in the state’s procurement practices, for which the state earned a D-.
When the Des Moines Register requested copies this year of a company’s bid to monitor state employee medical absences, for example, it found one company redacted entire pages of its bid, including the executive summary, as allowed by the state. The Register reported that the Department of Administrative Services routinely allowed businesses to redact confidential information, such as trade secrets, from public documents.
Caleb Hunter, spokesperson for the Department of Administrative Services, said the agency doesn’t have the expertise to judge a company’s assertion of confidentiality. He said the department has discussed the issue internally and with the Public Information Board and state attorney general’s office, but the agency has not changed its policy. He pointed out that the documents in question eventually were released after the department notified the company, which chose not to seek an injunction.
Laird, the former editorial writer for the Register, has disputed the agency’s position and said that determining what information can be kept confidential is the government’s responsibility.
Smithson, the executive director of the Public Information Board, seems to agree. He said that in his view, the companies had excessively censored information, and that the board hopes that in the future, government agencies will be the ones redacting information.
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Keeping an eye on the courts
Although Iowa earned a failing score for judicial accountability, it was not alone — 33 state states earned an F in the category.
One of the reasons for Iowa’s low score was the absence of any state government effort to evaluate the performance of judges.
Judicial evaluations in Iowa are instead prepared every two years by the Iowa State Bar Association and its members. Joe Feller, an attorney in Sibley, Iowa and a past president of the association, said the performance reviews “give the public a reference, an expert opinion so to speak, of whether or not the judge performs in the manner that he or she should and whether they should be retained.”
He added that because the reviews are performed by an independent organization, rather than the state, they are not swayed by outside influences or issues.
The score also suffered because judges’ asset disclosures are available only as paper copies, which must be obtained through the Iowa Supreme Court’s clerk of court office. The disclosures, which can reveal a judge’s conflicts of interest, also are not audited.
Paul Gowder, associate professor of law at the University of Iowa, praised the Iowa judicial system as an open and fair one, where actual instances of corruption were unlikely. But he said more records should be available "so people have the public confidence in the courts that they deserve."
Gowder noted that by not making all the records easily accessible, only people with an intense, narrow interest are likely to hunt them down, such as those running negative political campaigns. It would be "a fairly easy process for the state to scan the reports and put them online," Gowder said.
In one positive step, Iowa this year became the first state to create an all-electronic filing system for court documents down to the district court level. But only lawyers, law enforcement and individuals involved in a case can access the files at any time and from anywhere, while citizens must access the files from a computer kiosk in a courthouse during office hours.
This story is part of State Integrity 2015. How do each state's laws and practices deter corruption, promote transparency and enforce accountability?. Click here to read more stories in this investigation.
Copyright 2015 The Center for Public Integrity. This story was published by The Center for Public Integrity, a nonprofit, nonpartisan investigative news organization in Washington, D.C.
