Chinese rocket updates: What to know about the uncontrolled return to Earth

A massive section of a rocket made its uncontrolled return to Earth on Saturday.

Aerospace experts had been tracking the debris for days, as it was initially unclear exactly when -- and where -- it will land.

The section is part of a rocket called Long March 5B, which China launched into orbit on July 24 to deliver a lab module to China's Tiangong Space Station.

Typically, rocket debris is meant to come back down in a controlled way, usually into the ocean to avoid populated areas. But during launch, the 23-metric-ton rocket booster reached orbit and is now being dragged toward Earth for an uncontrolled reentry, according to the Aerospace Corporation, a nonprofit that provides technical guidance on space missions to military, civil and commercial customers.

The exact point where the rocket booster would reenter the Earth's atmosphere couldn't be determined until within hours of reentry, experts said.

"The snag is that the density of the upper atmosphere varies with time -- there's actually weather up there -- and so that makes it impossible to predict exactly at what point the satellite will have plowed through enough atmosphere to melt and break up and finally reenter," astronomer Jonathan McDowell said in a Twitter conversation on the uncontrolled reentry of the rocket hosted by the Aerospace Corporation this week.

MORE: Debris splashes down in Indian Ocean

"If you're an hour off in predicting when that's going to happen, because it's going at 17,000 miles an hour, you're 17,000 miles off in where it's going to come down. And that's the big challenge with all this," he said.

The two previous launches of the Long March 5B rocket both had uncontrolled reentries, with rocket debris landing near the west coast of Africa in 2020 and in the Indian Ocean in 2021.

Latest Developments

Jul 30, 5:18 PM

Next Long March 5B rocket to launch in October

A second Long March 5B rocket is scheduled to be launched later this year, with experts preparing for another uncontrolled entry.

"Well, that's a wrap on the Chang Zheng 5B Y3 reentry," astronomer Jonathan McDowell said on Twitter Saturday. "We'll go through this again in October with Chang Zheng 5B Y4, which is scheduled to launch the next Chinese space station module."

The rocket will deliver the third and final lab module, Mengtian, to China's Tiangong Space Station.

Jul 30, 2:43 PM

Latest projection places reentry near Malaysian coastal town

Space-Track.org's latest projection estimated the reentry to be at 12:51 p.m., give or take a minute, at an approximate latitude and longitude that would place it near Bintulu, a coastal town on the island of Borneo in the Malaysian state Sarawak.

Jul 30, 2:14 PM

NASA comments on uncontrolled reentry

NASA administrator Bill Nelson commented on the uncontrolled return of the rocket debris on Saturday, saying that China "did not share specific trajectory information as their Long March 5B rocket fell back to Earth."

"All spacefaring nations should follow established best practices, and do their part to share this type of information in advance to allow reliable predictions of potential debris impact risk, especially for heavy-lift vehicles, like the Long March 5B, which carry a significant risk of loss of life and property," he said in a statement. "Doing so is critical to the responsible use of space and to ensure the safety of people here on Earth."

Jul 30, 1:53 PM

Rocket makes reentry over Indian Ocean

The U.S. Space Command has confirmed that the rocket booster reentered the atmosphere over the Indian Ocean at approximately 12:45 p.m.

Jul 30, 1:35 PM

Projection window narrows

Space-Track.org is now projecting a reentry of 12:49 p.m., plus or minus 10 minutes.

The Aerospace Corporation said it is now following Space-Track.org for confirmation of reentry and location because the rocket may be too low to be seen by its sensors. It also updated that its latest prediction for reentry is 1:08 p.m., plus or minus an hour.

Jul 30, 12:42 PM

Over 88% of world's population in potential debris footprint: Aerospace Corporation

With an object of this size, some but not all of the rocket booster will burn up in the Earth's atmosphere, with 20-40% of the mass -- about five to nine metric tons -- likely to remain, according to the Aerospace Corporation.

Due to the uncontrolled reentry, there is a "non-zero chance" that the surviving debris will land in a populated area, with over 88% of the world's population living "under the reentry’s potential debris footprint," the Aerospace Corporation said.

"We shouldn't have to worry about this, but the risk is way higher than it should be," Ted Muelhaupt, a consultant with Aerospace's Corporate Chief Engineer's Office, said during a Twitter conversation on the rocket's reentry hosted by the organization this week. "But that doesn't mean it's high risk -- 99.5% chance that nothing will happen, but … it ought to be 99.99% chance that nothing will happen."

Chinese officials have pushed back against concerns over the uncontrolled reentry.

"According to information at hand, this rocket is designed with special technology, and the overwhelming majority of its components will burn up during the reentry into the atmosphere," Foreign Ministry spokesperson Zhao Lijian said during a press briefing on Wednesday. "The probability of this process causing harm to aviation activities or to the ground is extremely low."

Jul 30, 11:42 AM

Latest projections

For the latest projections, the Aerospace Corporation is providing updates here.

Its latest projected reentry window is 1:15 p.m. on Saturday, plus or minus an hour. "It is still too early to determine a meaningful debris footprint," the company said.

Space-Track.org is also working with the U.S. Space Force on tracking the debris here.

Its latest projected reentry is a little earlier, at 12:50 p.m., plus or minutes 31 minutes.