The Life and Legacy of Activist and Style Maven Josephine Baker

Born in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1906, Josephine Baker (née McDonald) came by her talent naturally: Both of her parents made their livings by performing in shows throughout the Midwest, often bringing little Josephine on stage with them. Eventually, Baker joined a Vaudeville troupe at the age of 15, where she found success performing. She was also married during this time, becoming Josephine Baker, which she kept as her name for the rest of her life.

After touring with her troupe, Baker eventually found her way to New York City, where she was an active part of the Harlem Renaissance before ultimately moving to Paris. She was one of the most recognized and successful performers during this time thanks to her singing, dancing, and extraordinary costumes. But, more importantly, Baker was also passionate about what was going on in the world around her.

During World War II, Baker helped fight against the Nazis by spying on enemy troops during her performances and passing along information she gathered to the Allied forces. After moving back to the U.S., Baker spoke out during the Civil Rights Movement, fighting for equal rights for African Americans.

Baker's life and legacy continue to be celebrated today as she became the first Black woman to be inducted into the Panthéon, France's tomb of national heroes. During the ceremony on November 30, 2021, French President Emmanuel Macron said Baker "had a certain idea of humankind and fought for the freedom of everyone. Her cause was universalism, the unity of humanity, the equality of everyone ahead of the identity of each single person.”

Here, we examine 15 moments from Baker's illustrious career where she made a splash, both with her dress and her actions.